Python Developers Survey 2023 Results
This is the seventh annual official Python Developers Survey, conducted as a collaborative effort between the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains.
Responses were collected in November 2023 – February 2024, with more than 25,000 Python developers and enthusiasts from almost 200 countries and regions taking part to illuminate the current state of the language and the ecosystem around it.
Check out the Python Developer Survey results from 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, and 2017.
Share:
General Python Usage
Python as main vs secondary language
Main
Secondary
Python usage with other languages100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40% | 37% | 35% | JavaScript |
| 38% | 36% | 32% | HTML/CSS |
| 33% | 31% | 29% | Bash/Shell |
| 33% | 34% | 31% | SQL |
| 30% | 29% | 25% | C/C++ |
| 20% | 19% | 19% | Java |
| 11% | 11% | 12% | C# |
| 10% | 11% | 13% | TypeScript |
| 9% | 8% | 8% | Go |
| 9% | 9% | 7% | PHP |
| 6% | 7% | 7% | Rust |
| 5% | 6% | 5% | R |
| 4% | 4% | 4% | Visual Basic |
| 3% | 3% | 3% | Kotlin |
| 2% | 2% | 2% | Ruby |
| 2% | 2% | 1% | Perl |
| 2% | 2% | 2% | Swift |
| 2% | 2% | 2% | Scala |
| 1% | 1% | 1% | Objective-C |
| 1% | 1% | 1% | Clojure |
| 1% | 2% | 1% | Groovy |
| 1% | 1% | 1% | CoffeeScript |
| – | – | 1% | Julia |
| – | – | 1% | Mojo |
| 8% | 7% | 7% | Other |
| 13% | 14% | 17% | None |
Currently, there's a rising interest in Go and Rust for crafting low-latency and memory-safe applications.
Python usage with other languages100+
35%
38%
JavaScript
33%
31%
HTML/CSS
32%
26%
SQL
29%
25%
Bash/Shell
23%
35%
C/C++
Languages for Web and Data Science100+
40%
44%
SQL
30%
36%
Bash/Shell
30%
62%
JavaScript
28%
53%
HTML/CSS
25%
14%
C/C++
19%
15%
Java
12%
27%
TypeScript
Web development refers to people who selected “Web development” in response to the question “What do you use Python for the most?”. Data science refers to people who selected “Data analysis” or “Machine Learning” in the same question.
How long have you been programming in Python?
Less than 1 year
1–2 years
3–5 years
6–10 years
11+ years
How many years of professional coding experience do you have?
Less than 1 year
1–2 years
3–5 years
6–10 years
11+ years
of Python developers reported contributing to open-source projects last year.
In the past year, how would you describe your contributions to open source?100+
of Python developers report practicing collaborative development.
Where do you typically learn about new tools and technologies that are relevant to your Python development?100+
Purposes for Using Python
In this section, we asked questions to find out what people use Python for, what types of development they are involved in, and how they combine their various uses.
For what purposes do you mainly use Python?
Both for work and personal
For personal, educational or side projects
For work
Python usage by year100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 51% | 51% | 44% | Data analysis |
| 45% | 43% | 42% | Web development |
| 36% | 36% | 34% | Machine learning |
| – | – | 27% | Data engineering |
| 36% | 34% | 26% | DevOps / Systems administration / Writing automation scripts |
| 31% | 30% | 25% | Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers |
| – | – | 25% | Academic research |
| 26% | 25% | 23% | Software testing / Writing automated tests |
| 27% | 27% | 22% | Educational purposes |
| – | – | 21% | Design / Data visualization |
| 22% | 20% | 19% | Software prototyping |
| 19% | 19% | 15% | Desktop development |
| 18% | 17% | 14% | Network programming |
| 12% | 13% | 10% | Computer graphics |
| 10% | 9% | 10% | Game development |
| – | – | 8% | MLOps |
| 5% | 6% | 7% | Multimedia applications development |
| 7% | 8% | 7% | Embedded development |
| 6% | 6% | 6% | Mobile development |
| 7% | 6% | 6% | Other |
Please note that in 2023 the list was expanded with new options.
Python usage as main and secondary language100+
44%
40%
Data analysis
44%
33%
Web development
34%
29%
Machine learning
28%
20%
Data engineering
26%
21%
Academic research
26%
26%
DevOps / Systems administration / Writing automation scripts
25%
23%
Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers
What do you use Python for the most?
To what extent are you involved in the following activities?
Web development
Data analysis
Machine learning
Data engineering
Academic research
DevOps / Systems administration / Writing automation scripts
Educational purposes
Software testing / Writing automated tests
Software prototyping
Design / Data visualization
Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers
Desktop development
Network programming
Python Versions
Python 3 vs. Python 2
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
Almost half of Python 2 holdouts are under 21 years old and a third are students. Perhaps courses are still using Python 2?
Python 3 versions100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| – | – | 2% | Python 3.13 |
| – | – | 19% | Python 3.12 |
| – | – | 31% | Python 3.11 |
| 16% | 45% | 23% | Python 3.10 |
| 35% | 23% | 11% | Python 3.9 |
| 27% | 17% | 8% | Python 3.8 |
| 13% | 9% | 3% | Python 3.7 |
| 7% | 4% | 2% | Python 3.6 |
| 2% | 2% | 1% | Python 3.5 or lower |
Note: In 2023, Python 3.7 and below were at the end of their lifecycle. Python 3.12 was released in October 2023 (1 month before this survey began) and is already highly adopted. Developers using Python 3.13 from this survey are using an alpha release.
Almost 75% of users use the last 3 versions of Python. That's great news! The community has been adopting the latest versions of Python quite quickly on account of the performance and convenience improvements they offer.
Python installation and upgrade100+
Note: Enthought got less than 0.5% and has been merged to Others.
Frameworks and Libraries
Web frameworks100+
Please note that in 2023 the list was expanded with new options.
Web frameworks100+
36%
42%
Flask
31%
46%
FastAPI
31%
40%
Requests
26%
63%
Django
18%
29%
Asyncio
16%
4%
Streamlit
12%
43%
Django REST Framework
You can find more about the Django landscape in the Django Developers Survey 2023, conducted in partnership with the Django Software Foundation.
Other frameworks and libraries100+
Unit-testing frameworks100+
Cloud platforms
Cloud platforms usage100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31% | 32% | 33% | AWS |
| 19% | 22% | 25% | Google Cloud Platform |
| 14% | 16% | 20% | Microsoft Azure |
| 7% | 9% | 11% | PythonAnywhere |
| 10% | 11% | 10% | DigitalOcean |
| 14% | 13% | 7% | Heroku |
| – | – | 4% | Alibaba |
| 3% | 4% | 3% | Linode |
| – | – | 3% | Oracle Cloud |
| – | – | 3% | Hetzner |
| 3% | 4% | 2% | OpenStack |
| 2% | 3% | 2% | OpenShift |
| – | – | 2% | Tencent |
| 1% | 2% | <1% | Rackspace |
| 6% | 6% | 5% | Other |
| 39% | 34% | 33% | None |
Please note that in 2023 the list was expanded with new options.
How do you run code in the cloud?100+
Within containers
In virtual machines
Serverless
On a platform-as-a-service
Other
None
of Pythonistas say they use Kubernetes for running code in containers.
Which of the following do you use?100+
Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service
Google Kubernetes Engine
Azure Kubernetes Service
RedHat OpenShift
Other
How do you develop for the cloud?100+
Data Science
of all surveyed Python developers are involved in data exploration and processing.
Tools for data exploration and processing
Libraries for creating dashboards100+
Plotly Dash
Streamlit
Panel
Gradio
Voilà
Other
None
25% of respondents say they work on creating dashboards. Plotly Dash and Streamlit are the top two choices for such tasks.
of all Python developers report they train ML models or generate predictions from them. scikit-learn and PyTorch are the top two solutions used for these tasks.
Frameworks for ML model training and prediction
100+
Platforms for training100+
Experiment tracking tools100+
TensorBoard
MLflow
Weights & Biases
CometML
NeptuneML
Other
An in-house solution
None
Google deprecated TensorBoard.dev (a service to publish tensorboard data in a single click) on January 1, 2024. We can expect other options to become more popular in 2024.
Tools for data versioning100+
An in-house solution
Dalta Lake
DVC
Pachyderm
Other
None
of all surveyed developers work on ML deployment and inference.
Do you work with big data?
Big data tools100+
PySpark
PyFlink
Great Expectations
PyDeequ
Other
None
Solutions used for work with big data100+
Cloud
Self-hosted
Both
None
Development Tools
Operating system100+
Linux
Windows
macOS
BSD
Other
The share of developers using Linux as their development environment has decreased through the years: compared with 2021, it’s dropped by 8 percentage points.
Platforms and tools for deployment and inference100+
ORMs100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34% | 35% | 34% | SQLAlchemy |
| 29% | 28% | 25% | Django ORM |
| 16% | 16% | 13% | Raw SQL |
| – | – | 7% | SQLModel |
| 5% | 8% | 3% | SQLObject |
| 3% | 3% | 2% | Peewee |
| 2% | 3% | 2% | Tortoise ORM |
| 1% | 2% | 1% | Dejavu |
| 1% | 3% | 1% | PonyORM |
| 4% | 4% | 3% | Other |
| 36% | 34% | 41% | I don’t do database development |
The share of those who are not doing any database development increased by 7 percentage points compared to last year.
ORMs100+
43%
9%
I don’t do database development
36%
54%
SQLAlchemy
15%
57%
Django ORM
13%
15%
Raw SQL
Databases100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 43% | 42% | 43% | PostgreSQL |
| 38% | 36% | 34% | SQLite |
| 37% | 37% | 30% | MySQL |
| 20% | 19% | 17% | MongoDB |
| 18% | 16% | 17% | Redis |
| 10% | 12% | 10% | MS SQL Server |
| – | – | 10% | MariaDB |
| 6% | 7% | 6% | Oracle Database |
| – | – | 5% | DynamoDB |
| 3% | 4% | 4% | Amazon Redshift |
| – | – | 4% | BigQuery |
| 2% | 3% | 2% | Cassandra |
| 2% | 3% | 2% | Neo4j |
| – | – | 2% | ClickHouse |
| – | – | 2% | Firebase Realtime Database |
| 1% | 2% | 1% | HBase |
| 1% | 2% | 1% | DB2 |
| 1% | 2% | 1% | h2 |
| – | – | 1% | Apache Pinot |
| – | – | 1% | Apache Druid |
| 1% | 2% | 0% | Couchbase |
| 6% | 6% | 4% | Other |
| 19% | 18% | 20% | None |
Please note that in 2023 the list was expanded with new options.
PostgreSQL remains the most popular database among Python users for the third year in a row.
Continuous integration (CI) systems100+
Documentation Tools100+
Configuration Management Tools100+
Main IDE/Editor
To identify the most popular editors and IDEs, we asked a single-answer question “What is the main editor you use for your current Python development?”.
Among PyCharm users, 68% choose PyCharm Professional Edition.
Data science vs. Web development
44%
46%
Visual Studio Code
27%
37%
PyCharm
7%
0%
Jupyter Notebook
Only 6% of VS Code users use VS Code Data Wrangler. At the same time, Jupyter support provided by VS Code is used by 51% of its users.
Jupyter support in IntelliJ IDEA and PyCharm is used by 34% and 47% of users respectively.
IDEs/Editors used in addition to main IDE/Editor100+
Number of IDEs/Editors used
1
2
3
4+
According to our data, 40% of respondents use 3 or more IDEs / editors for Python development, which is very close to the number of those using 2 IDEs / editors simultaneously.
Python Packaging
Which of the following tools do you use to isolate Python environments between projects?100+
| 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 44% | 43% | 55% | venv |
| 42% | 37% | 28% | virtualenv |
| 21% | 21% | 20% | Conda |
| 14% | 16% | 18% | Poetry |
| 16% | 14% | 9% | Pipenv |
| 7% | 6% | 4% | virtualenvwrapper |
| 1% | 3% | 3% | Hatch |
| 4% | 3% | 4% | Other |
| 15% | 15% | 11% | I do not use any tools to isolate Python environments |
Which tools do you use to manage dependencies?100+
What format(s) is your application dependency information stored in?100+
Where do you install packages from?100
Where do you install packages from?100
80%
90%
PyPI
30%
25%
GitHub
27%
6%
Anaconda
14%
10%
A local source
13%
2%
Other Conda channels
of respondents say they have packaged and published Python applications they developed to a package repository.
Which tools do you use to create packages of your Python libraries?100
Twine
Poetry
Flit
Hatch
PDM
Other
Do you use a virtual environment in containers?
Yes
No
Other
I don’t use containers for Python development
of respondents build binary modules for Python using another language like C, C++, Rust, or Go.
Languages for building binary modules for Python100+
Demographics
Gender
This question was optional.
Age range
Working in a team vs working independently
Working on projects
Employment status
Job roles100+
Company size
Team size
Company industry
What is your country or region?
All countries/regions smaller than 1% have been merged into “Other”.
Methodology and Raw Data
Want to dig further into the data? Download the anonymized survey responses and see what you can learn! Share your findings and insights by mentioning @jetbrains and @ThePSF on Twitter with the hashtag #pythondevsurvey.
Before you begin to dissecting this data, please note the following important points:
Once again, on behalf of both the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains, we’d like to thank everyone who took part in this survey. With your help, we’re able to map the landscape of the Python community more accurately!
Contribute to the PSF’s Recurring Giving Campaign. The PSF is a non-profit organization entirely supported by its sponsors, members & the public.
Thank you for your time!
We hope you found our report useful. Share this report with your friends and colleagues.
Participate in future surveys:
If you have any questions about this survey or suggestions for future ones, please contact us at surveys@jetbrains.com or psf@python.org.